Considering the complexity of the ECM, neither scaffolds nor growth factors can independently obtain successful outcomes in cartilage tissue engineering. However, it has been elucidated that the uncontrolled delivery of these factors cannot fully exert regenerative potential and can also elicit undesired side effects. In addition, numerous growth factors have been found in the regenerative process. Various polymer three-dimensional scaffolds that provide an extracellular matrix (ECM) mimicking environment play an important role in promoting cartilage regeneration. *These authors contributed equally to this workĬorrespondence: Xin Duan Tel +86-28-85422426Ībstract: The development of biomaterials, stem cells and bioactive factors has led to cartilage tissue engineering becoming a promising tactic to repair cartilage defects. Li Chen, 1, 2, * Jiaxin Liu, 1, * Ming Guan, 2, 3 Tongqing Zhou, 2 Xin Duan, 1 Zhou Xiang 1ġDepartment of Orthopedics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People’s Republic of China 2School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA 3Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People’s Republic of China
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